The kidneys serve two major functions:
they keep the salt content of the blood constant, and they filter waste out of the bloodstream.
So, the main components of urine are (salt) water and waste products. The major waste product from cells in the body is ammonia, and the major waste product from blood is a broken form of heme called bilirubin. In the liver, each of these is converted into a less hazardous form: ammonia is converted to urea, and bilirubin is degraded to urobilins. Salt, water, and urea are all colorless, but urobilins (which come from degraded pigments) are yellow.
So, if you drink a lot, your urine will be more dilute and clearer, and if you get dehydrated, your urine will contain less water and be darker yellow.
Sunday, 12 August 2012
Saturday, 11 August 2012
Drugs!!
Not the dodgy kind you can buy!!
A drug is designed to either prevent or cause something to happen in your body.
Every cell of your body has RECEPTORS on its surface. These RECEPTORS receive chemicals that transmit a message to the cell.
Your body is full of chemicals, in fact, it is jam-packed with them. Your cells are constantly receiving chemical messengers.
Sometimes, you don't want the message to get there or you want a different message to be received instead - this is where DRUGS come in to it.
A drug is technically a chemical that intervenes and changes things.
A drug may help your body deliver more of the same message to a cell or it can lodge itself in a cell receptor to stop the message being received by the cell.
Random fact: the Greek doctor Hippocrates used willow bark as long ago as 400BC to relieve the pain of his patients.
Wounds can become infected with harmful bacteria if an antiseptic is not applied to kill them. Antiseptics are able to kill bacteria in many ways. The alcohol rubbed onto your skin before an injection kills bacteria by breaking up the protein that makes up their cells.
There are 2 main ways in which antibiotics work. One type prevents the bacteria from making its cell walls. Another type interferes with the chemical activities in the cells of bacteria.
Anaesthetic drugs are designed to stop the brain from receiving messages of pain.
Antiviral drugs work by blocking the chemicals the virus needs to reproduce.
Drugs go vigorous testing that can span 8 years.
A drug is designed to either prevent or cause something to happen in your body.
Every cell of your body has RECEPTORS on its surface. These RECEPTORS receive chemicals that transmit a message to the cell.
Your body is full of chemicals, in fact, it is jam-packed with them. Your cells are constantly receiving chemical messengers.
Sometimes, you don't want the message to get there or you want a different message to be received instead - this is where DRUGS come in to it.
A drug is technically a chemical that intervenes and changes things.
A drug may help your body deliver more of the same message to a cell or it can lodge itself in a cell receptor to stop the message being received by the cell.
Random fact: the Greek doctor Hippocrates used willow bark as long ago as 400BC to relieve the pain of his patients.
Wounds can become infected with harmful bacteria if an antiseptic is not applied to kill them. Antiseptics are able to kill bacteria in many ways. The alcohol rubbed onto your skin before an injection kills bacteria by breaking up the protein that makes up their cells.
There are 2 main ways in which antibiotics work. One type prevents the bacteria from making its cell walls. Another type interferes with the chemical activities in the cells of bacteria.
Anaesthetic drugs are designed to stop the brain from receiving messages of pain.
Antiviral drugs work by blocking the chemicals the virus needs to reproduce.
Drugs go vigorous testing that can span 8 years.
Monday, 9 July 2012
What causes weather - wind
Wind comes from the churning movement of air heated up by the Sun. It moves from the equator to the poles and back again. It breezes in from the sea by day, and breezes back out again at night. Wind is always moving, but it never has a destination.
There isn't a place on the planet that accumulates wind. Some places seem windier than others, but not constant and getting worse all the time.
Wind doesn't stop, it has a continuos cycle like lots of things on the planet.
WIND MOVES FROM AREAS OF HIGH TO LOW AIR PRESSURE IN AN EFFORT TO BALANCE OUT THE AIR PRESSURES AROUND THE GLOBE.
You can say that winds starting point is the equator, not because it is "born" here but the FORCES responsible for its MOVEMENT are located here.
This is where the AIR PRESSURE starts to shift about. There is plenty of WARM AIR at the equator due to the bulge of the EARTH and the amount of DIRECT SUNLIGHT that hits it. The sunlight heats the air and the air then RISES, this creates a GAP below it and this GAP is now an area of LOW PRESSURE. As air naturally moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (known as DIFFUSION), air moves in to fill this GAP, this rushing air is WIND.
The warm air that is higher up must go somewhere (remember, it's a cycle). Depending on which side of the equator it is, either drifts north or south, towards the poles. However, it doesn't go straight to the poles, after travelling about 30 degrees north or south (about 1/3 of the distance between the equator and poles), it starts to cool off and starts to sink (because it's the opposite to hot air) towards the ground. Some of this COOLER air will make its way back to the EQUATOR, filling the GAP left there by the air still warming and rising there. This makes a mini-cycle within the cycle known as a WIND CELL between the EQUATOR and the tropics located 30 degrees on either side of it. More WIND CELLS form between the areas of 30 - 60 degrees, 60 - 90 degrees and so on until you get to either the north or south pole. The entire planet is covered by this vast chain of WIND CELLS. The wind follows the shifting air, blowing north to south and south to north within these WIND CELLS.
Depending on where you live, winds often come from east or west, this is due to one very IMPORTANT FACTOR - THE EARTH IS SPINNING!
The Earth spins, taking the air with it. This creates a force called the CORIOLIS FORCE that puts a spin on the rising and falling air, making the wind cycle within each cell travel clockwise or anticlockwise, instead of straight up and down. It's a MESS! Seriously, we end up with a COMPLEX pattern of moving air, with alternating bands around the Earth having either westerly or easterly prevailing winds.
SEA BREEZE: again, this is kind of a mini-cycle within a cycle. It is caused by a smaller set of forces (hence the term breeze). The sea breeze is caused by the fact that the land heats up and cools down faster than the sea does. As the air is heated on the ground and rises, the air over the sea can rush in and fill this GAP on the land - giving you a SEA BREEZE. At night however, the REVERSE happens, the land COOLS faster (there's no heat - the Sun is shining on the other side of the planet). The warmer air over the sea is replaced by the air from the land. This in-turn creates a breeze that goes out to sea at night.
Thanks, much love. Adam :-) X
There isn't a place on the planet that accumulates wind. Some places seem windier than others, but not constant and getting worse all the time.
Wind doesn't stop, it has a continuos cycle like lots of things on the planet.
WIND MOVES FROM AREAS OF HIGH TO LOW AIR PRESSURE IN AN EFFORT TO BALANCE OUT THE AIR PRESSURES AROUND THE GLOBE.
You can say that winds starting point is the equator, not because it is "born" here but the FORCES responsible for its MOVEMENT are located here.
This is where the AIR PRESSURE starts to shift about. There is plenty of WARM AIR at the equator due to the bulge of the EARTH and the amount of DIRECT SUNLIGHT that hits it. The sunlight heats the air and the air then RISES, this creates a GAP below it and this GAP is now an area of LOW PRESSURE. As air naturally moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (known as DIFFUSION), air moves in to fill this GAP, this rushing air is WIND.
The warm air that is higher up must go somewhere (remember, it's a cycle). Depending on which side of the equator it is, either drifts north or south, towards the poles. However, it doesn't go straight to the poles, after travelling about 30 degrees north or south (about 1/3 of the distance between the equator and poles), it starts to cool off and starts to sink (because it's the opposite to hot air) towards the ground. Some of this COOLER air will make its way back to the EQUATOR, filling the GAP left there by the air still warming and rising there. This makes a mini-cycle within the cycle known as a WIND CELL between the EQUATOR and the tropics located 30 degrees on either side of it. More WIND CELLS form between the areas of 30 - 60 degrees, 60 - 90 degrees and so on until you get to either the north or south pole. The entire planet is covered by this vast chain of WIND CELLS. The wind follows the shifting air, blowing north to south and south to north within these WIND CELLS.
Depending on where you live, winds often come from east or west, this is due to one very IMPORTANT FACTOR - THE EARTH IS SPINNING!
The Earth spins, taking the air with it. This creates a force called the CORIOLIS FORCE that puts a spin on the rising and falling air, making the wind cycle within each cell travel clockwise or anticlockwise, instead of straight up and down. It's a MESS! Seriously, we end up with a COMPLEX pattern of moving air, with alternating bands around the Earth having either westerly or easterly prevailing winds.
SEA BREEZE: again, this is kind of a mini-cycle within a cycle. It is caused by a smaller set of forces (hence the term breeze). The sea breeze is caused by the fact that the land heats up and cools down faster than the sea does. As the air is heated on the ground and rises, the air over the sea can rush in and fill this GAP on the land - giving you a SEA BREEZE. At night however, the REVERSE happens, the land COOLS faster (there's no heat - the Sun is shining on the other side of the planet). The warmer air over the sea is replaced by the air from the land. This in-turn creates a breeze that goes out to sea at night.
Thanks, much love. Adam :-) X
Saturday, 7 July 2012
Collagen!
Collagen is a PROTEIN!
Proteins are made of long chains of AMINO ACIDS.
You've probably heard of a COLLAGEN in a cosmetic sense (plastic surgery - lips etc).
Hopefully, after reading this you'll know a lot more about COLLAGEN.
Collagen is found in all animals. It is multifunctional and can be found in various parts of the body. It is the most abundant protein in your body. The most occurring types of COLLAGEN are labelled I - IV. These four types of COLLAGEN are found in over 90% of the body in tissues including skin,bones, tendons and ligaments.
Collagen makes up 30% of your bones. Type I collagen found in the bones combines with HYDROXAPITITE to give strength and resistance to the bones.
Skin: the DERMIS layer of the skin is the thickest part and comprises of the PAPILLARY and RETICULATE dermis. The papillary dermis consists of fine fibres of type III collagen that make the skin pliable, while the reticulate dermis is made of the broad type I collagen and gives the skin tensile strength (the opposite to pliable). Overall COLLAGEN gives the skin everything it needs to work.
Absence of COLLAGEN in the skin causes wrinkles, there are various foods that you can scoff to increase your COLLAGEN, I'll put them in at the end.
MUSCLES:
Thousands of individual muscle fibres combine to form a a muscle. Each muscle fibre is covered by 3 layers of collagen. The innermost COLLAGEN sheath is the ENDOMYSIUM, followed by the much thicker PERIMYSIUM. The EPIMYSIUM is the last COLLAGEN layer. The collagen in the muscle helps it to contract and stretch to transmit force, which can be translated into motion or more strenuous activities like lifting.
Tendons, ligaments and cartilage:
All 3 are made of COLLAGEN. Type II collagen is found in cartilage. Collagen gives tendons and ligaments the ability to transmit force from the muscle and assist in the translation of this force to movement and exercise.
WOUND HEALING:
The COLLAGEN in the DERMIS is responsible for helping BUILD the skin back that has been damaged. COLLAGEN DEPOSITION is initiated by the body in a wound for the healing process. The right amount MUST be deposited for the skin to heal correctly.
FACTS ABOUT COLLAGEN:
Good sources of it!
Soy milk
Cheese
Dark green veg
Kale
Spinach
Collards
Asparagus
Red fruits and veg
Omega acids
Salmon
Tuna
Cashews
Pecans
Almonds
Brazil nuts
Avocados
Green and black olives
Cucumber
Celery
Vitamins A and C
Many thanks, much love, Adam :-) X
Proteins are made of long chains of AMINO ACIDS.
You've probably heard of a COLLAGEN in a cosmetic sense (plastic surgery - lips etc).
Hopefully, after reading this you'll know a lot more about COLLAGEN.
Collagen is found in all animals. It is multifunctional and can be found in various parts of the body. It is the most abundant protein in your body. The most occurring types of COLLAGEN are labelled I - IV. These four types of COLLAGEN are found in over 90% of the body in tissues including skin,bones, tendons and ligaments.
Collagen makes up 30% of your bones. Type I collagen found in the bones combines with HYDROXAPITITE to give strength and resistance to the bones.
Skin: the DERMIS layer of the skin is the thickest part and comprises of the PAPILLARY and RETICULATE dermis. The papillary dermis consists of fine fibres of type III collagen that make the skin pliable, while the reticulate dermis is made of the broad type I collagen and gives the skin tensile strength (the opposite to pliable). Overall COLLAGEN gives the skin everything it needs to work.
Absence of COLLAGEN in the skin causes wrinkles, there are various foods that you can scoff to increase your COLLAGEN, I'll put them in at the end.
MUSCLES:
Thousands of individual muscle fibres combine to form a a muscle. Each muscle fibre is covered by 3 layers of collagen. The innermost COLLAGEN sheath is the ENDOMYSIUM, followed by the much thicker PERIMYSIUM. The EPIMYSIUM is the last COLLAGEN layer. The collagen in the muscle helps it to contract and stretch to transmit force, which can be translated into motion or more strenuous activities like lifting.
Tendons, ligaments and cartilage:
All 3 are made of COLLAGEN. Type II collagen is found in cartilage. Collagen gives tendons and ligaments the ability to transmit force from the muscle and assist in the translation of this force to movement and exercise.
WOUND HEALING:
The COLLAGEN in the DERMIS is responsible for helping BUILD the skin back that has been damaged. COLLAGEN DEPOSITION is initiated by the body in a wound for the healing process. The right amount MUST be deposited for the skin to heal correctly.
FACTS ABOUT COLLAGEN:
Good sources of it!
Soy milk
Cheese
Dark green veg
Kale
Spinach
Collards
Asparagus
Red fruits and veg
Omega acids
Salmon
Tuna
Cashews
Pecans
Almonds
Brazil nuts
Avocados
Green and black olives
Cucumber
Celery
Vitamins A and C
Many thanks, much love, Adam :-) X
Monday, 2 July 2012
Water does flow upwards!
We all know that plants need water. Water molecules are key for a plant when it is photosynthesising.
Here is the equation for PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
6CO2 + 6H20 = C6H12O6 + 6O2
Note: the equation is the OPPOSITE for animal respiration.
Water fundamentally gives a plant it's shape, water makes a plant rigid and solid. If you ever see a plant that is wilting (floppy), it needs water!
Plants loose water from their leaves through EVAPORATION. Water molecules are attracted to each other due to ELECTRONEGATIVITY, this is because a water molecule has a heavily positive side and a heavily negative side. POSITIVE ATTRACTS NEGATIVE. So as the evaporated water leaves the plant it draws other molecules UPWARDS to take its place.
The ROOTS also PUSH water upwards once they've taken it in, this would be the plants natural way to get water to the leaves for PHOTOSYNTHESIS to occur.
You've gotta love plants!
P.S a plant is green because they use PHOTONS of a red and blue wavelength as ENERGY for PHOTOSYNTHESIS and reflect the GREEN photons. Making them GREEN. X
Here is the equation for PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
6CO2 + 6H20 = C6H12O6 + 6O2
Note: the equation is the OPPOSITE for animal respiration.
Water fundamentally gives a plant it's shape, water makes a plant rigid and solid. If you ever see a plant that is wilting (floppy), it needs water!
Plants loose water from their leaves through EVAPORATION. Water molecules are attracted to each other due to ELECTRONEGATIVITY, this is because a water molecule has a heavily positive side and a heavily negative side. POSITIVE ATTRACTS NEGATIVE. So as the evaporated water leaves the plant it draws other molecules UPWARDS to take its place.
The ROOTS also PUSH water upwards once they've taken it in, this would be the plants natural way to get water to the leaves for PHOTOSYNTHESIS to occur.
You've gotta love plants!
P.S a plant is green because they use PHOTONS of a red and blue wavelength as ENERGY for PHOTOSYNTHESIS and reflect the GREEN photons. Making them GREEN. X
Friday, 29 June 2012
Water waves - what are they?
The Moon "draws" the water toward it. This causes the tides, whether it be neap or high tides.
As the water is "drawn", it will do so but the water will never REACH THE MOON! It's impossible! The Moons GRAVITY isn't strong enough for that to happen, this is the KEY point!
The Sun deserves a mention too! Technically it has a similar effect on the tides, if the Moon and the Sun are facing the same side of the Earth as each other, this causes high SPRING tides, if they are on opposite sides, again we can get high SPRING tides. If they are in any other position, we call that NEAP tides.
The Sun is 400 times further away from the Earth than the Moon is BUT the Sun is 400 times BIGGER than the Moon. Gravity is all about MASS, the BIGGER or the more DENSE the the MASS is, the greater its GRAVITATIONAL PULL. Distance has to be taken into account though aswell. Hopefully this paragraph explains the EQUAL (distance and size) effect of the Sun and Moon on our oceans.
Back to waves! You could say that water waves have a SHAPE, think of a CANDLE, when lit, the flame is shaped by GRAVITY! It's like a deformed triangle, it has a TIP! So do WAVES! It's just that you can't see it because the waves are so wide, the tip is unnoticeable. There'll always be a LEADING part of the WAVE and that's the TIP!
Due to the fact that the WAVE cannot reach the Moon or Sun because of the WEAKNESS of GRAVITY, the WAVE literally collapses. The collapse normally occurs on the shoreline because there's no MORE WATER to be apart of the wave. The COLLAPSE can also occur out at sea because the wave loses MOMENTUM (again GRAVITY). Waves follow each other as the PULL of the Moon and Sun on the oceans is CONTINUOUS.
Thanks for reading! Hope you get something out of it, I certainly enjoy writing this stuff :-)
Adam X
As the water is "drawn", it will do so but the water will never REACH THE MOON! It's impossible! The Moons GRAVITY isn't strong enough for that to happen, this is the KEY point!
The Sun deserves a mention too! Technically it has a similar effect on the tides, if the Moon and the Sun are facing the same side of the Earth as each other, this causes high SPRING tides, if they are on opposite sides, again we can get high SPRING tides. If they are in any other position, we call that NEAP tides.
The Sun is 400 times further away from the Earth than the Moon is BUT the Sun is 400 times BIGGER than the Moon. Gravity is all about MASS, the BIGGER or the more DENSE the the MASS is, the greater its GRAVITATIONAL PULL. Distance has to be taken into account though aswell. Hopefully this paragraph explains the EQUAL (distance and size) effect of the Sun and Moon on our oceans.
Back to waves! You could say that water waves have a SHAPE, think of a CANDLE, when lit, the flame is shaped by GRAVITY! It's like a deformed triangle, it has a TIP! So do WAVES! It's just that you can't see it because the waves are so wide, the tip is unnoticeable. There'll always be a LEADING part of the WAVE and that's the TIP!
Due to the fact that the WAVE cannot reach the Moon or Sun because of the WEAKNESS of GRAVITY, the WAVE literally collapses. The collapse normally occurs on the shoreline because there's no MORE WATER to be apart of the wave. The COLLAPSE can also occur out at sea because the wave loses MOMENTUM (again GRAVITY). Waves follow each other as the PULL of the Moon and Sun on the oceans is CONTINUOUS.
Thanks for reading! Hope you get something out of it, I certainly enjoy writing this stuff :-)
Adam X
Thursday, 28 June 2012
Why do things expand when they get hot?
Back to the atom!!
An atom will jiggle more the more energy it gets. Heat is energy and is carried by the PHOTON. A photon can cause an electron to jump to an atomic orbital of higher energy. The atom is now excited. An excited atom will have energy and wants to move. This is very much like a solid becoming a liquid, the solid receives heat and the atoms of the solid get excited, the solid melts as the atoms disperse or fly away.
Another way atoms can get excited is through friction. IE if you rub your hands together, the electrons get excited and your hands heat up. Your hand will EXPAND in the process, you can't visibly see this with your naked eye, but it does.
When our walking, your feet feel the rubbing of your footwear, your feet heat up, they expand.
The PHOTONS that we humans emit are of an INFRARED wavelength, you can't see them with the naked eye either.
Thanks, Adam. Much love. :-) X
An atom will jiggle more the more energy it gets. Heat is energy and is carried by the PHOTON. A photon can cause an electron to jump to an atomic orbital of higher energy. The atom is now excited. An excited atom will have energy and wants to move. This is very much like a solid becoming a liquid, the solid receives heat and the atoms of the solid get excited, the solid melts as the atoms disperse or fly away.
Another way atoms can get excited is through friction. IE if you rub your hands together, the electrons get excited and your hands heat up. Your hand will EXPAND in the process, you can't visibly see this with your naked eye, but it does.
When our walking, your feet feel the rubbing of your footwear, your feet heat up, they expand.
The PHOTONS that we humans emit are of an INFRARED wavelength, you can't see them with the naked eye either.
Thanks, Adam. Much love. :-) X
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